> What is critical thinking? > Critical thinking is thinking about the thinking process and conclusions of oneself or others. It is a bridge between learning and practice. (Knowledgeable, interrogating, deliberate, discerning, conscientious) Critical thinking is deliberate, deliberate, discerning.  Why think independently? Because (the content of the first few lessons: Personality is affected by many factors. We have to take back the initiative by ourselves. It is difficult to seek knowledge, and we may not necessarily do it if we know it. Before we go, we must make sure that we are doing the right thing , Otherwise the error will be more serious) How to think independently? Think about the various parts of the argument. Is the conclusion correct? Is the reason reasonable (are there any ambiguous words between the reason and the point of view?) Is the reasoning reasonable? Are the premises reasonable?  > What is the argument? > Arguments are not quarrels and tears (they are emotionally controlled) Argument is not a debate (the debater wants to win) Argumentation is the reasoning and thinking of judging opinions. Argument contains: conclusion, reason, reasoning, premise hypothesis. > Why argue? Because of this, you will not accept others' opinions without thinking, and you will lose your self-control and autonomous will. Because in this way, I can make my own opinions easier to persuade others and be influential. Is the conclusion correct? The purpose of opinions is to convey information and to shape our beliefs and behaviors. First judge what the author wants to express and what do you want us to believe? Is the reason reasonable? 1. Find out the reason. Reason categories: personal experience, famous quotes or effects, experts, news, propaganda, experimental data, statistical investigations... 2. Check the rationality of the reason. (Are there any ambiguous words for reasons and opinions?) Abstract words and emotional words are misleading. Is the reasoning reasonable? What is the logical relationship? Is the causality reasonable? Are the premises reasonable? The premises are often hidden and not directly given. Finding method: Find the opposite position to the conclusion, and then you can see the implication. In this way, you can see a person's logic loopholes. Thinking: Are the various advertising slogans and slogans that you usually see (such as no gifts for this year's holidays, and only melatonin) and slogans? What is the basis of your judgment?  This slogan is not an argument because it is self-contradictory. Conclusion: No gifts will be accepted for this year's holidays. Reason: Only melatonin is accepted for receiving gifts. Reasoning: Reasoning is unreasonable and contradictory. Prerequisite: Only melatonin is accepted for gifts. > Thinking about how advertisements and slogans come into our minds? > 1. It's easy to say > 2. A rhetorical technique was used, > 3. Use the mass media to promote and screen > 4. Take advantage of people's filial piety and the custom of giving gifts  讲个故事，有一天刚一开始上课，老师就让同学们研究一个匪夷所思的问题：希特勒统治时，有没有给德国人民带来好处？咱们上课都被灌输过，希特勒给全世界、尤其是德国人带来了灾难，但独立思考的第一步，就是敢于抛弃原有结论和成见，探求事实本身。 很快有人提出：什么样的人算德国人民，没有德国国籍的犹太人算吗？最后大家认为，住在德国的就算德国人。那孩子们就发现问题了，希特勒口口声声说为德国人民服务，但他杀害了很多德国人民啊。瞧，独立思考的第二步是准确定义，定义清晰就不容易被人牵着鼻子走。 这时有人又提出新的事实：希特勒上台后大力发展军工，解决了严重的失业问题，这难道不是好处吗？但孩子们对比资料发现，那时候年轻男性必须打仗，老人和妇女被强制劳动，他们没有工会权力，跟奴隶差不多。你看，先从反向推，再做正反对比，就能加深对事物的认识。 经过辩论，孩子们最后统一了认识，希特勒没给德国人民带来好处。这比死记硬背的知识有价值几百倍。能大胆突破成见、清晰定义问题、善于假设性思考、用正反事实比对，这就是独立思考吧！  > 质疑只是独立思考的第一步，如何独立思考？可以有4个步骤：提出问题-搜索信息-分析推理-表达观点 。完成好这个流程，需要具有哪些能力：开放的怀疑态度、分析能力、沟通表达能力、研究和调查能力、包容模糊性、创造性的解决问题。 > > 1. 以正确的方式，提正确的问题 > 2. 搜索信息 > 3. 分析推理能力 > 4. 沟通表达能力 今天的课对我很有启发，独立思考即使我们知道是什么了，但做起来依旧困难重重。博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。古人谈学习的五个方面，不管是学习书本知识也好，学习某种技能也好，都得经过反复训练才能完成。“有弗学”的意思是要么不学，学就要学会；如果学了还不会，“弗措也”，也就是说绝不放弃。这段话，不是对天才，而是对一般人说的，聪明人一下就学会，你就学一百下，聪明人十次能学会的，你就学一千次。只要有这种韧劲，开始哪怕迟钝一点，会变得聪明的；开始柔弱的人，也会变得强壮有力。终身学习，不断尝试，把学习和实践之间的这座桥梁架起来，利用独立思考帮助我们更好认识理解这个世界，感谢Liuda老师的分析，在践行群和大家共同成长！